Epiglottitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Epiglottitis Treatment: Epiglottitis is a severe, potentially life-threatening condition marked by the inflammation of the epiglottis, the flap at the base of the tongue that keeps food from entering the windpipe.

Swift diagnosis and treatment are paramount to prevent airway blockage, which can lead to respiratory failure and other serious complications.

What is Epiglottitis?

Epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the epiglottis — a small, movable “lid” in the throat that covers the windpipe during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airways — becomes inflamed and swollen. This inflammation can rapidly obstruct the flow of air into the lungs, leading to severe breathing difficulties, and, in some cases, may be fatal if not treated promptly.

Etiology of Epiglottitis

The primary cause of epiglottitis has evolved over the years with the introduction of vaccinations. Historically, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was a common culprit. However, thanks to widespread Hib vaccination, the incidence of epiglottitis caused by this pathogen has significantly decreased. Today, other bacteria and viruses can also cause epiglottitis, and in adults, it can be triggered by factors such as injury to the throat, hot liquids, or chemical exposure.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms Early

Early recognition of epiglottitis is crucial for effective treatment and recovery. The signs and symptoms can develop rapidly, often within hours. They include severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, abnormal, high-pitched sounds when breathing (stridor), fever, a muffled or hoarse voice, and, in severe cases, difficulty breathing. Given its potential to quickly escalate into a life-threatening situation, anyone exhibiting these symptoms should seek medical attention immediately.

Incidence Rates Highlighting Rarity and Severity

Epiglottitis is rare, particularly in countries where the Hib vaccine is part of routine pediatric immunization schedules. The incidence of epiglottitis in the United States is estimated to be approximately 1 in 100,000 children annually, with a shift towards more adult cases being reported in recent years. Despite its rarity, the potential severity of epiglottitis makes it a critical condition for healthcare providers and the public to be aware of. Early intervention can significantly reduce the risk of complications, underscoring the importance of recognizing its signs and symptoms promptly.

However, while epiglottitis is rare, its capacity for rapid progression to life-threatening respiratory obstruction makes it essential for individuals to be aware of its signs and symptoms. Through early detection and treatment, outcomes for patients with epiglottitis are generally very good, highlighting the importance of education and awareness about this serious condition.

Causes and Risk Factors of Epiglottitis

Understanding the causes and risk factors of epiglottitis can help in early detection and prevention. Here, we delve into the common causes, risk factors, and insight into how they contribute to the condition.

Common Causes of Epiglottitis

1. Bacterial Infections: The most common cause of epiglottitis in adults and children is infection with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria. However, vaccination has significantly reduced the incidence of this cause.
2. Viral Infections: Respiratory viral infections, such as those caused by the influenza virus, parainfluenza viruses, and herpes simplex virus, can also lead to epiglottitis.
3. Fungal Infections: In rare cases, infections caused by fungi like Candida species (commonly resulting from the use of inhaled steroids or with a compromised immune system) may cause epiglottitis.
4. Physical Injury: Direct injury to the throat area, such as from swallowing a foreign object or a chemical burn from ingesting caustic substances, can cause epiglottitis.
5. Heat Injury: Exposure to extremely hot liquids or vapors can lead to thermal injury of the epiglottis, causing it to swell.

Risk Factors for Epiglottitis

1. Age: While epiglottitis can occur at any age, certain viral causes are more common in children, whereas adults may be more at risk from bacterial infections.
2. Lack of Vaccination: Individuals who have not received the Hib vaccine are at a higher risk of epiglottitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b.
3. Immune System Compromise: People with weakened immune systems, either from diseases like HIV/AIDS or from treatments like chemotherapy, are more susceptible.
4. Recent Upper Respiratory Infection: Having a recent upper respiratory infection can increase the risk of developing viral epiglottitis.
5. Smoking and Alcohol Use: Adults who smoke or consume alcohol excessively may have an increased risk of epiglottitis.

Insight into Causes and Risk Factors

The relationship between the causes and risk factors of epiglottitis is intrinsically linked to how the body reacts to infections and injuries. Bacterial and viral infections trigger the immune system, causing inflammation as the body tries to fight off the pathogens. This inflammation can lead to swelling of the epiglottis. Physical and heat injuries directly damage the tissues of the epiglottis, leading to swelling and potential obstruction of the airway.

Risk factors such as age, lack of vaccination, and a compromised immune system do not directly cause epiglottitis but increase the likelihood of its development by making the individual more susceptible to infections or less able to cope with them effectively. Awareness and management of these risk factors are key to reducing the incidence and severity of epiglottitis.

However, understanding these causes and risk factors is crucial for early detection and prevention of epiglottitis. Vaccination, proper hygiene, and avoiding known risks can significantly reduce the chances of developing this serious condition. If you or someone you know presents symptoms of epiglottitis, such as difficulty breathing, a severe sore throat, or a hoarse voice, seek medical attention immediately.

Signs and Symptoms of Epiglottitis

Understanding these signs is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment. This article delves into the key symptoms of epiglottitis, underscores the importance of quick medical intervention, and highlights the risks of confusing these symptoms with those of less serious conditions.

Key Signs and Symptoms of Epiglottitis

Epiglottitis symptoms can develop rapidly and may include:

• Severe sore throat and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia): This is often one of the first signs. The sore throat can be severe and is sometimes described as feeling more intense than a typical throat infection.
• Changes in voice or muffled speech: The voice may sound different, or speech may be difficult to understand. This occurs because the swollen epiglottis affects the air passage through the larynx.
• Difficulty breathing (dyspnea): As the condition progresses, breathing may become more challenging, with the possibility of noisy breathing (stridor), especially when inhaling.
• Fever: A high temperature may accompany the other symptoms, indicating the body’s response to infection.
• Drooling: The inability to swallow properly can lead to an accumulation of saliva, resulting in drooling.
• Sitting in an upright position or leaning forward to breathe: Individuals, especially children, may instinctively adopt this position to ease breathing difficulties.

The Critical Need for Immediate Medical Attention

The symptoms of epiglottitis signal a significant threat to the airway and, consequently, to oxygen delivery throughout the body. This condition can escalate quickly, potentially leading to severe respiratory distress or failure within hours. Therefore, any signs of epiglottitis should prompt immediate evaluation by a healthcare professional. Delaying treatment not only jeopardizes the individual’s health but can also be life-threatening.

Distinguishing Epiglottitis from Other Conditions

It’s essential not to confuse the symptoms of epiglottitis with those of other, less serious throat infections like pharyngitis or tonsillitis. While these conditions also present with sore throat and fever, the rapid onset of severe symptoms—particularly difficulty breathing, altered voice, and inability to swallow—distinguishes epiglottitis. Furthermore, the unique risk that epiglottitis poses to the airway underscores the importance of not dismissing these symptoms as mere discomforts or treating them with home remedies.

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of epiglottitis is paramount for anyone. The swift progression of this condition demands immediate medical evaluation and intervention. Understanding the seriousness of these symptoms and the crucial differences from other throat-related illnesses can save lives. If you or someone you know exhibits these symptoms, seek emergency medical care without delay to ensure the best possible outcome.

Diagnosing Epiglottitis: Understanding the Critical Steps

Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications, including airway blockage. This article outlines the diagnostic process for epiglottitis, emphasizing the urgency and safe assessment methods of the airway, and discusses the physical examination findings, relevant medical history questions, and specific tests used in the diagnosis.

Physical Examination and Medical History

The first step in diagnosing epiglottitis involves a careful physical examination and a thorough medical history. Healthcare providers look for specific signs that suggest epiglottitis, including severe throat pain, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), abnormal sounds when breathing (stridor), and a high-pitched sound when taking in breath (inspiratory wheeze). Fever and a muffled or hoarse voice can also be indicative of the condition.

Medical history questions are critical and might include inquiries about recent illnesses, sore throat occurrences, vaccination history (particularly against Haemophilus influenzae type b), and any previous episodes of epiglottitis or similar conditions. Understanding the onset and progression of symptoms helps in formulating a differential diagnosis.

Diagnostic Tests for Epiglottitis

Several specific tests are employed to confirm the diagnosis of epiglottitis:

• Throat Cultures: Although direct examination of the throat is generally avoided to prevent triggering a spasm of the epiglottis, a throat swab may be carefully performed in some cases to identify infectious agents.
• Blood Tests: Blood work can help determine the presence of infection and inflammation through markers such as elevated white blood cell count and C-reactive protein levels.
• Imaging Studies: Lateral neck radiographs can show the “thumb sign,” indicative of a swollen epiglottis. However, if epiglottitis is strongly suspected, some experts recommend proceeding directly to more definitive airway management and diagnosis rather than prioritizing imaging.

Urgency and Safe Assessment of the Airway

The assessment of the airway in suspected epiglottitis cases is of utmost importance. Due to the risk of sudden airway obstruction, these evaluations should be performed with the utmost caution and preparedness for emergency intervention. Patients showing signs of significant airway compromise need immediate referral to an emergency department where airway management can be safely conducted, often under the guidance of specialists in otolaryngology or anesthesiology. In severe cases, securing the airway through intubation or a tracheostomy may be necessary.

It’s imperative for healthcare providers to recognize the urgency of epiglottitis and employ a methodical approach to its diagnosis and management. Early identification and treatment significantly improve the prognosis and can prevent the progression of this potentially fatal condition.

By understanding the critical steps involved in diagnosing epiglottitis, including the emphasis on safe airway assessment, healthcare professionals can ensure timely and effective care for those affected by this serious ailment.

Treatment Options for Epiglottitis: A Comprehensive Guide

The primary goals of treating this condition include securing the airway to ensure the patient can breathe, preventing the spread of infection, and managing symptoms to provide relief. This article delves into the effective treatment strategies for epiglottitis, highlighting the importance of in-hospital treatment, the role of antibiotics and corticosteroids, the potential need for surgery, and the procedures for outpatient care and follow-up.

In-Hospital Treatment Strategies

Upon diagnosis, patients with epiglottitis are typically admitted to the hospital for close monitoring and treatment. The initial focus is on ensuring the patient’s airway remains open and accessible. Medical professionals may employ various airway management techniques, depending on the severity of the obstruction.

Airway Management Techniques

The cornerstone of epiglottitis treatment is airway management. In severe cases, intubation may be necessary. This procedure involves inserting a tube through the mouth and into the airway to keep it open. In the most critical situations, where intubation isn’t possible, a tracheostomy may be performed. This surgical procedure creates an opening directly in the neck to secure the airway.

Antibiotic Therapy

Antibiotics play a crucial role in treating epiglottitis, as the condition is often caused by bacterial infections. The selection of antibiotics is based on the likely causative organisms, with broad-spectrum antibiotics commonly used initially. As culture results become available, the antibiotic regimen may be adjusted to target the specific bacteria identified.

Corticosteroids and Their Role

Corticosteroids are frequently administered to reduce inflammation and swelling in the throat, thereby improving airway patency. These medications can be crucial in managing symptoms and preventing the need for more invasive procedures like tracheostomy.

Possible Need for Surgery

Surgery, such as tracheostomy, is considered only in severe cases where other treatments have failed to secure the airway. This measure is usually a last resort but can be lifesaving.

Outpatient Care and Monitoring

After the acute phase of epiglottitis has been managed, and the patient’s condition has stabilized, outpatient care becomes a focus. Regular monitoring ensures that the airway remains open and that the infection is resolving.

Follow-up Procedures and Criteria for Discharge

Criteria for discharge typically include stable vital signs, the ability to breathe and swallow without difficulty, and the absence of fever. Follow-up visits are essential to monitor recovery and to ensure that the epiglottis has returned to its normal size and function.

Recommendations for At-Home Care Post-Discharge

After discharge, patients should follow a series of at-home care recommendations to support recovery. These may include completing the full course of prescribed antibiotics, using corticosteroids as directed, and avoiding irritants such as smoke. Staying hydrated and resting the voice can also help the healing process.

However, the treatment of epiglottitis is multi-faceted, involving airway management, antibiotic therapy, corticosteroid use, and possibly surgery, followed by careful outpatient care and monitoring. Early recognition and prompt, comprehensive treatment are crucial to prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.

Complications and Risk Management of Epiglottitis

Epiglottitis, a serious condition that can obstruct the airway and cause breathing difficulties, requires immediate medical intervention. If left untreated or improperly managed, it can lead to life-threatening complications. Understanding the potential risks and implementing preventative measures is crucial for maintaining health and avoiding severe outcomes.

Potential Complications of Untreated or Improperly Treated Epiglottitis

The primary risk of epiglottitis lies in its ability to rapidly swell the epiglottis, leading to a complete blockage of the airway. This can result in several critical complications, including:

• Airway Obstruction: The most immediate danger, leading to difficulty breathing, potentially progressing to complete airway blockage.
• Respiratory Failure: The inability to breathe adequately can cause respiratory failure, requiring emergency intervention.
• Pneumonia: Infection can spread to the lungs, leading to pneumonia, a condition that further complicates breathing.
• Sepsis: The infection may enter the bloodstream, leading to sepsis, a life-threatening response to infection that can affect multiple organ systems.
• Cellulitis and Abscess: The infection can spread to neighboring tissues, causing cellulitis or abscess formation, which may require surgical intervention.

Preventative Measures to Avoid Complications

While the onset of epiglottitis can be sudden, certain preventative measures can significantly reduce the risk of developing this condition or its complications:

• Vaccination: Ensure vaccinations, including the Hib vaccine, are up to date. This vaccine significantly reduces the risk of epiglottitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b.
• Prompt Treatment: At the first sign of symptoms, seek medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the progression to more severe stages.
• Avoid Smoking: Tobacco smoke can irritate the throat and respiratory system, increasing the risk of infections that could lead to epiglottitis.
• Maintain Good Hygiene: Regular handwashing and avoiding close contact with those who are sick can help prevent the spread of infections that may lead to epiglottitis.

When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention

Recognizing when to seek immediate medical attention can be the key to preventing the most severe outcomes of epiglottitis. Symptoms that warrant immediate medical intervention include:

• Difficulty Breathing or Swallowing: Any sudden difficulty in breathing or swallowing is a red flag.
• Stridor: A high-pitched wheezing sound when breathing is a sign of airway obstruction.
• Voice Changes: A significant change in the voice or a muffled sound when speaking can indicate swelling.
• Drooling or Difficulty Speaking: Inability to swallow saliva or difficulty speaking can indicate severe swelling of the epiglottis.
• High Fever and Severe Sore Throat: While common in many conditions, in the context of epiglottitis, these symptoms can escalate quickly.

However, understanding the potential complications of epiglottitis and adopting preventative measures are crucial steps in managing this serious condition. Early intervention and adherence to medical advice are key to avoiding severe outcomes. If you or someone you know exhibits symptoms of epiglottitis, seek immediate medical attention to ensure the best possible outcome.

The Role of Vaccinations in Preventing Epiglottitis

Epiglottitis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by inflammation of the epiglottis, can lead to severe breathing difficulties. Thankfully, the advent of vaccinations has significantly reduced the incidence of this serious illness. Understanding the role of vaccinations in preventing epiglottitis not only underscores the importance of immunization but also guides current vaccination recommendations.

How Vaccinations Reduce the Risk of Epiglottitis

Vaccinations work by preparing the immune system to recognize and combat specific bacteria and viruses before they can cause illness. In the case of epiglottitis, the most common cause has historically been the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Before the introduction of the Hib vaccine, this bacterium was a leading cause of epiglottitis in children.

The Hib vaccine functions by stimulating the body’s immune response to the Hib bacterium, without causing the disease itself. Once vaccinated, the immune system is equipped to recognize and fight off Hib bacteria, thereby preventing the infections that could lead to epiglottitis. Studies have shown a dramatic decline in the number of epiglottitis cases following the widespread use of the Hib vaccine, highlighting its effectiveness in combatting this condition.

Current Vaccination Recommendations

Given the success of the Hib vaccine in preventing epiglottitis, current health guidelines strongly recommend routine Hib vaccination for all young children. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises that children receive the Hib vaccine in a series of shots, typically administered at the ages of 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, and a final booster between 12 and 15 months.

It’s crucial for parents and caregivers to adhere to these vaccination schedules to ensure their children are protected against epiglottitis and other Hib-related conditions. Healthcare providers may also recommend the Hib vaccine for certain adults, particularly those with specific medical conditions or weakened immune systems, further underscoring the vaccine’s pivotal role in preventing epiglottitis across different age groups.

The relationship between vaccinations, particularly the Hib vaccine, and the prevention of epiglottitis is clear and compelling. By adhering to recommended vaccination schedules, we can continue to reduce the incidence of this dangerous condition, safeguarding the health of children and at-risk adults alike. Vaccinations remain one of the most effective tools in our public health arsenal for preventing epiglottitis and maintaining the overall well-being of our communities.

Living with Epiglottitis: Recovery and Management

Recovering from epiglottitis, an inflammation of the epiglottis that can threaten breathing and necessitate immediate medical attention, involves a significant recovery process and diligent long-term management. Understanding what to expect during recovery and how to manage your health afterwards can make a big difference in your overall well-being. Here’s a guide to help patients navigate through the recovery phase and maintain their health in the long run.

What Patients Can Expect During the Recovery Process

Recovery from epiglottitis typically begins in a hospital setting, where patients may receive intravenous antibiotics, fluids, and, if necessary, support for breathing. The acute phase of epiglottitis is critical, and hospitalization ensures that any potential complications can be promptly addressed. Once discharged, the recovery continues at home, where rest and following your doctor’s advice become paramount.

Immediate Post-Hospitalization:

• Rest: Patients need ample rest to allow their body to heal. It’s crucial to follow doctors’ recommendations on activity levels, gradually increasing them as your health improves.
• Follow-Up Care: Regular follow-up appointments are necessary to monitor recovery and address any lingering symptoms or complications.
• Medication Management: If antibiotics or other medications were prescribed, completing the full course is essential, even if you start to feel better sooner.

Long-Term Management Tips for Individuals Who Have Had Epiglottitis

After recovering from the acute phase of epiglottitis, focusing on long-term health management can help prevent future episodes or complications. Here are some strategies:

• Vaccinations: Stay up to date with vaccinations, especially the flu and pneumococcal vaccines, as recommended by your healthcare provider, to protect against infections that could trigger epiglottitis.
• Avoid Irritants: Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke can irritate the throat and airways, increasing the risk of complications. It’s advisable to avoid these irritants completely.
• Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, supports your immune system and overall health.

Lifestyle and Dietary Recommendations During Recovery

Lifestyle and dietary adjustments can significantly impact your recovery and long-term well-being. Here are some recommendations:

• Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated and keep the throat moist, which can alleviate discomfort.
• Soft Foods: Initially, it might be beneficial to eat soft foods that are easy to swallow. Foods like soups, broths, applesauce, and yogurt can provide nutrition without irritating the throat.
• Avoiding Spicy and Acidic Foods: Spicy and acidic foods can irritate the throat. Opt for bland, gentle foods during the recovery period.
• Quitting Smoking: If you smoke, seeking support to quit can improve your recovery and reduce the risk of future respiratory issues.

Living with and managing the aftermath of epiglottitis demands patience, adherence to medical advice, and lifestyle adjustments. By focusing on recovery, following long-term management strategies, and making positive lifestyle and dietary changes, individuals can effectively navigate the challenges posed by this condition and lead a healthy life. Remember, your healthcare team is your best resource for advice and support tailored to your specific situation.

FAQs on Epiglottitis: Treatment, Diagnosis, and Recovery

What is epiglottitis?

Epiglottitis is a severe, life-threatening condition characterized by inflammation of the epiglottis, the flap of tissue at the base of the tongue that prevents food and drink from entering the windpipe. It can cause difficulty breathing, swallowing, and can lead to respiratory failure if not treated promptly.

How is epiglottitis diagnosed?

Diagnosis of epiglottitis typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Doctors may use a laryngoscope to carefully examine the throat and epiglottis. Imaging tests, like X-rays or CT scans, can also help visualize swelling. In severe cases, securing the patient’s airway takes precedence over diagnostic procedures.

What are the treatment options for epiglottitis?

The primary focus of treating epiglottitis is to ensure the patient can breathe safely. This may involve intubation (inserting a tube into the windpipe) or a tracheotomy if the throat is too swollen for intubation. Antibiotics are administered to treat the underlying infection, and corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation.

How long does it take to recover from epiglottitis?

Recovery time varies depending on the severity of the condition and the patient’s overall health. With prompt treatment, significant improvement is often seen within 24 to 48 hours. Complete recovery may take a week or more. It’s crucial to follow your healthcare provider’s instructions and complete the full course of antibiotics.

Can epiglottitis recur?

While rare, it is possible for epiglottitis to recur, especially if the underlying causes, such as certain infections or irritants, are not adequately addressed. Vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has significantly reduced the incidence of epiglottitis in children and adults.

Is epiglottitis contagious?

Epiglottitis itself is not contagious, but the bacterial or viral infections that often cause it can be. Practicing good hygiene and staying up to date with vaccinations are key preventive measures.

When should I seek medical help for epiglottitis?

Epiglottitis is a medical emergency. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms such as difficulty breathing, severe sore throat, drooling, high fever, or a high-pitched sound when breathing (stridor), seek immediate medical attention.

Can children and adults both get epiglottitis?

Yes, both children and adults can develop epiglottitis. However, due to widespread vaccination against the Hib bacteria, the condition is now more common in adults than in children.

How can I prevent epiglottitis?

Vaccination against Hib is the most effective way to prevent epiglottitis. Maintaining good hand hygiene and avoiding close contact with people who have respiratory infections can also reduce your risk.

What are the signs that epiglottitis is improving?

Improvements in breathing, reduction in fever, ability to swallow without difficulty, and overall feeling better are signs that epiglottitis is improving. It’s important to continue medication as prescribed and follow up with your healthcare provider.

Conclusion

In wrapping up our discussion on epiglottitis, it’s crucial to underline the significance of recognizing its symptoms and the urgency of seeking medical help. Epiglottitis, a potentially life-threatening condition, demands immediate attention to prevent severe complications. Symptoms such as difficulty breathing, severe sore throat, and a high fever are red flags that should prompt an instant response.

We also extend a heartfelt encouragement to everyone to stay well-informed about the preventive measures against epiglottitis. Vaccinations play a pivotal role in this endeavor. Being knowledgeable about and up-to-date with vaccinations can significantly reduce the risk of developing this serious condition. It’s in our collective interest to support and engage in public health initiatives that aim to educate and protect our communities.

By recognizing the early signs of epiglottitis and advocating for preventive measures, including vaccination, we can work together to safeguard our health and well-being. Let’s commit to staying informed and proactive in our approach to health care, ensuring a safer and healthier future for all.

References

For those interested in delving deeper into the treatment of epiglottitis, a condition marked by inflammation of the epiglottis that can create life-threatening breathing difficulties, the following reputable sources offer valuable insights. These references are curated to enhance understanding and provide further validation of the information discussed on epiglottitis treatment:

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – The CDC’s comprehensive guide on epiglottitis covers symptoms, causes, treatment options, and preventive measures. It’s an essential resource for public health information. Visit CDC’s Epiglottitis Guide.
2. Mayo Clinic – A trusted name in healthcare, the Mayo Clinic provides an in-depth look at epiglottitis, including diagnosis processes, treatment methods, and recovery expectations. This resource is ideal for patients seeking detailed medical advice. Explore Mayo Clinic’s Epiglottitis Information.
3. National Health Service (NHS) UK – The NHS offers practical advice and information on epiglottitis, emphasizing the UK’s approach to treatment and care. It’s a valuable perspective for readers in the UK and those interested in international healthcare practices. Read NHS’s Advice on Epiglottitis.
4. PubMed Central (PMC) – As a database of free full-text articles from the biomedical and life sciences journal literature, PMC offers research articles and clinical studies on epiglottitis, allowing readers to explore scientific insights and findings. Search for Epiglottitis Studies on PMC.

These references are chosen for their reliability and authority in the medical field. They serve as a foundation for those seeking to understand epiglottitis treatment further, offering a mix of clinical research, practical advice, and health guidelines.